Bibliographic Notes
Estancia Cerro Guido: Patagonia in Continuous Evolution.
Here you will find the detailed bibliographic notes of our book
Estancia Cerro Guido: Patagonia in Continuous Evolution.
INTRODUCTION
Patagonia and its Magical Appeal
Imposing Geography
1. Those that naturally inhabit a single, specific space.
2. Andes Patagónicos (Buenos Aires, 1945).
Formation of the Territory
The Language of the Rocks
3. Patagonia Fósil. Guía Paleontológica del Cretácico Magallánico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, 2018.
4. The white structures on the shore of Lago Sarmiento. https://site.inach.cl/geositios/lago-sarmiento.html
5. Patagonia Fósil. Guía Paleontológica del Cretácico Magallánico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, 2018.
6. Leppe, Marcelo, Paleontología de Cerro Guido y del Valle del Río de las Chinas (in litteris), junio de 2024.
7. The white structures on the shore of Lago Sarmiento. https://site.inach.cl/geositios/lago-sarmiento.html
8. Similar to those from the Precambrian era, they are fossil evidence of the first organisms that initiated life on the planet, having maintained their evolutionary lineage for 3.5 billion years. Similar formations (stromatolites) can be found in the nearby Laguna Amarga, as well as in Laguna de los Cisnes (Stromatolite Park) near the city of Porvenir in Tierra del Fuego Province, in the Salar de Llamara (Antofagasta), and Camiña (Arica and Parinacota Region), all in Chile. Additionally, similar structures exist in Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Mexico, and the Red Sea.
Formation of the Territory
The Valley of the Dinosaurs
9. Leppe, Marcelo, Paleontología de Cerro Guido y del Valle del Río de las Chinas (in litteris), junio de 2024.
10. Patagonia Fósil. Guía Paleontológica del Cretácico Magallánico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, 2018.
Formation of the Territory
First Inhabitants
11. See Susana Morano et al., “Nuevos hallazgos de chenques y fechados en el área de Cerro Guido, Última Esperanza, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena.” Póster IX Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia, Coyhaique 2014. A valuable and essential article for those interested is “Arqueología de Cerro Guido y Sierra Baguales, Chile: avances en la reconstrucción de sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras de ambientes de estepa y montaña al noroeste de Magallanes,” by Víctor Sierpe, Cristóbal Palacios, Fabiana Martin, Luis Alberto Borrero, Constanza Arecheta, and Francisca Caravantes. Intersecciones en Antropología 25(1):5-21. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales UNICEN, Buenos Aires 2024.
12. See Susana Morano et al., “Nuevos hallazgos de chenques y fechados en el área de Cerro Guido, Última Esperanza, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena.” Poster IX Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia, Coyhaique 2014. A valuable and essential reference for those interested is the article “Arqueología de Cerro Guido y Sierra Baguales, Chile: avances en la reconstrucción de sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras de ambientes de estepa y montaña al noroeste de Magallanes,” by Víctor Sierpe, Cristóbal Palacios, Fabiana Martin, Luis Alberto Borrero, Constanza Arecheta, and Francisca Caravantes. Intersecciones en Antropología 25(1):5-21. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales UNICEN, Buenos Aires 2024.
Formation of the Territory
The Aónikenk
13. Mateo Martinić B. Los Aónikenk, historia y cultura (Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes [1999] 2024, Punta Arenas).
Exploration
A Woman's Drive
14. The term "papón" refers to a leadership title among the Aónikenk. The role of the papón chiefs was fundamental in the social structure of the Aónikenk, especially in organizing daily life, ceremonies, and in times of conflict or war.
15. Mateo Martinić B. Los Aónikenk, historia y cultura (Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes [1999] 2024, Punta Arenas).
16. It is presumed that they may have brought or driven the horses to the southern territory, as in 1741, Indigenous people were first seen riding horses in those latitudes. Mateo Martinić B. Los Aónikenk, historia y cultura (Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes [1999] 2024, Punta Arenas).
17. Florence Dixie, A través de la Patagonia (Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes. Punta Arenas, 1996).
18. Florence Dixie, A través de la Patagonia (Ediciones de la Universidad de Magallanes. Punta Arenas, 1996).
Exploration
Travelers from Other Lands
19. He had arrived at the Verlika pass, the point where in 1902 the course of the border between Chile and Argentina would be established in the area.
20. Hans Steffen, Problemas limítrofes y viajes de exploración en la Patagonia. Recuerdos de los tiempos del conflicto fronterizo entre Chile y Argentina. Traducción y notas de Fresia Barrientos y Wolfgang Staub. Nativa Ediciones-Dibam-Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana. Santiago, 2015.
21. Otto Nordenskjöld, Desde Tierra del Fuego. Relatos de la Expedición Sueca a Magallanes (1895-1897). Ofqui Ediciones, Temuco, 2024.
22. Otto Nordenskjöld, Desde Tierra del Fuego. Relatos de la Expedición Sueca a Magallanes (1895-1897). Ofqui Ediciones, Temuco, 2024.
23. Otto Nordenskjöld, Desde Tierra del Fuego. Relatos de la Expedición Sueca a Magallanes (1895-1897). Ofqui Ediciones, Temuco, 2024.
24. Pumas
25. See Hans Steffen, Problemas limítrofes y viajes de exploración en la Patagonia. Recuerdos de los tiempos del conflicto fronterizo entre Chile y Argentina. Translation and notes by Fresia Barrientos and Wolfgang Staub. Nativa Ediciones-Dibam-Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana. Santiago, 2015.
Estancia Cerro Guido
Innovation and Development
26. The Italian mountaineer and philanthropist businessman, Count Guido Monzino, organized the expedition that concluded with the first ascent of Paine Grande and the North Tower, which was named Monzino in his honor. Parque Nacional Torres del Paine. El Paraíso de la Patagonia, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, 2009.
27. Martinic Vrandecic, cited work.
28. Martinic Vrandecic, cited work.
29. Between 1967 and 1969, 324 voluntary pensions, 345 special scholarships, and 4,086 student scholarships were granted; Gómez and Rojel, cited work.
30. Gómez and Rojel, cited work.
31. Sebastián Gómez and Javier Rojel in their unpublished manuscript “Estancia Cerro Guido”: Un pasado histórico latente en la Patagonia.
32. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
33. Martinic Vrandecic, cited work.
Estancia Cerro Guido
Old Life at the Estancia:
Photo Gallery
34. Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego. Annual Report and Financial Statement, 1950. Valparaíso.
35. A 60 años de la llegada masiva de bovinos Hereford a Magallanes desde Australia, Milan Martinic Vrandecic. El Magallanes, November 3, 2024.
36. In Chilean Patagonia, a "capón" is a castrated sheep that is allowed to grow in order to produce more wool and meat, although the meat tends to be tougher.
Estancia Cerro Guido
New Destiny
37. El turismo en Magallanes. Una mirada histórica sobre su origen y primer desarrollo 1870 -1980, Mateo Martinić B., Punta Arenas, 2021.
38. Sebastián Gómez and Javier Rojel in their unpublished manuscript “Estancia Cerro Guido”: Un pasado histórico latente en la Patagonia.
39. Gómez y Rojel, cited work.
40. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the UN that aims to contribute to peace and security through education, science, culture, and communications.
41. The name given to a series of climatic events that occurred in August 1995 in the southern regions of Chile, being classified as the worst climatic disaster in the area in 40 years. The unusual snowstorms, low temperatures, and their fatal impact on the region's productive activities, mainly livestock and agriculture, earned the phenomenon the name "White Earthquake" (Terremoto Blanco).
https://www.armada.cl/en-el-radar/la-armada-de-chile-a-25-anos-del-terremoto-blanco
42. In August of that year, an apparently normal winter front unusually extended, with a sharp drop in temperatures and heavy snowfall that obstructed roads and isolated hundreds of people in the rural areas of Magallanes. The stored forage quickly ran out, and thousands of sheep and cattle were trapped under meters of snow.
43. Endlicher, Wilfried; Santana, Ariel (1997). El invierno de 1995: un fenómeno climático muy severo en la Patagonia Austral. Annals of the Patagonia Institute 25: 77-88; 85.
PART 1: GENESIS
PART 2: REVELATION
PART 3: EVOLUTION
Deep Transformations
Livestock Revival
44. La labilidad del ecosistema patagónico vuelve entonces reforzada de esta catástrofe natural. Endlicher, Wilfried; Santana, Ariel (1997). El invierno de 1995: un fenómeno climático muy severo en la Patagonia Austral. Annals of the Patagonia Institute 25: 77-88; 85.
45. Data as of November 2024.
Deep Transformations
Discoveries of Global Impact
46. When animals are moved to distant fields from the main estancia ("casco"), it is necessary for a camp worker, known as a "puestero," to accompany them and live in ranches set up as "posts" to monitor the sheep and lambs being moved. For much of the 20th century, the famous "caravana" was used as a post, which had the great advantage of being transportable by oxen or tractors.
47. This refers to the Tyndall Glacier in Torres del Paine National Park, where nearly a hundred ichthyosaurs (extinct marine reptiles) from the early Cretaceous period have been recorded, most of them adults and newborns, along with pregnant females. This site has become the most important ichthyosaur fossil site in the world for the early Cretaceous, due to the quantity of ichthyosaurs and the quality of their preservation (Pardo-Pérez et al., 2012; Stinnesbeck et al., 2014; Pardo-Pérez et al., 2015). In 2022, during an expedition organized by the University of Magallanes, the Río Seco Natural History Museum, and the Stuttgart Natural History Museum (Germany), the ichthyosaur "Fiona" was excavated. It is the first complete ichthyosaur excavated in Chile and the only pregnant female, dating back 131 million years, found in the world.
See at http://www.umag.cl/vcm/?p=54863 and http://www.umag.cl/vcm/?p=55142
48. It refers to a settlement or temporary station set up in areas far from the "main house" or center of an estancia or farm, to carry out tasks of surveillance, care, and management of livestock, such as sheep or cattle.
49. See Susana Morano et al., “Nuevos hallazgos de chenques y fechados en el área de Cerro Guido, Última Esperanza, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena.” Poster IX Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia, Coyhaique 2014. A valuable and essential reference for those interested is the article “Arqueología de Cerro Guido y Sierra Baguales, Chile: avances en la reconstrucción de sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras de ambientes de estepa y montaña al noroeste de Magallanes,” by Víctor Sierpe, Cristóbal Palacios, Fabiana Martin, Luis Alberto Borrero, Constanza Arecheta, and Francisca Caravantes. Intersecciones en Antropología 25(1):5-21. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales UNICEN, Buenos Aires 2024.
A Dream as a Legacy
Challenge of Coexistence
50. https://www.subturismo.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Decreto-ZOIT-Destino-Torres-del-Paine.pdf
51. Annual Report 2022. First Steps Towards Coexistence, Cerro Guido Conservation Foundation, 2023
52. Maremma Shepherd Dog
A Dream as a Legacy
Cerro Guido Conservation Foundation
53. Panthera is dedicated to the conservation of the 40 species of wild cats worldwide and the vast ecosystems they inhabit. You can learn more about their work here https://panthera.org/who-we-are
54. Wildlife-friendly fences, designed in a way that does not obstruct or harm the wild animals inhabiting an area. These fences are built with materials and designs that allow animals to move freely, preventing entrapment or accidents while still serving their purpose of delineating land or specific areas.
55. It accounts for 2% of the total area of Estancia Cerro Guido.
56. The rhea or ñandú, also known as the common ñandú or choique pampeano (Rhea americana), is found exclusively in South America. Although it does not belong to the same family, it is also called an "ostrich" because European colonizers associated it with the African ostrich they were familiar with.
57. An archaeologist with an extensive career, she holds a Master of Arts in Latin American Studies with a specialization in Anthropology from the University of Alabama. She served as Minister of Cultures, Arts, and Heritage from 2018 to 2022.
58. She holds a degree in Zoology and a Master's in Wildlife Conservation from University College London, a Master's in Human Evolution from the University of Cambridge, and a PhD in Evolutionary Anthropology from the University of Oxford.
59. Available here https://youtu.be/sMH-rJTOZys
60. Available here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60iJjFaN3iQ
Sharing the Path
60. El turismo en Magallanes. Una mirada histórica sobre su origen y primer desarrollo 1870-1980, Mateo Martinić B., Punta Arenas, 2021.